{"id":67,"date":"2026-04-24T12:25:14","date_gmt":"2026-04-24T10:25:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/virtual-office-zug.com\/swiss-legal-framework\/"},"modified":"2026-05-10T13:42:16","modified_gmt":"2026-05-10T11:42:16","slug":"swiss-legal-framework","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/virtual-office-zug.com\/swiss-legal-framework\/","title":{"rendered":"Swiss Legal Framework"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n\/* Swiss Legal Framework \u2014 VOZ Premium Design *\/\n.vlf-wrap *{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0;}\n.vlf-wrap{font-family:-apple-system,'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-serif;background:#F5F6F8;}\n\/* Hero *\/\n.vlf-hero{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#071630 0%,#0B1F3A 50%,#0c2348 100%);padding:72px 40px;text-align:center;}\n.vlf-hero .badge{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;background:rgba(37,99,235,.2);border:1px solid 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Disclaimer *\/\n.vlf-disclaimer{background:#F1F5F9;border:1px solid #CBD5E1;border-radius:12px;padding:32px;margin-top:8px;}\n.vlf-disclaimer h3{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;color:#334155;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;margin-bottom:12px;}\n.vlf-disclaimer p,.vlf-disclaimer li{font-size:13px;color:#475569;line-height:1.75;}\n.vlf-disclaimer ul{padding-left:18px;margin:10px 0;}\n\/* CTA *\/\n.vlf-cta-block{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#071630,#0c2348);border-radius:14px;padding:48px;text-align:center;margin-top:8px;}\n.vlf-cta-block h3{color:#fff;font-size:24px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:10px;}\n.vlf-cta-block p{color:#94a3b8;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:28px;}\n.vlf-cta-block a.btn{display:inline-block;background:#2563EB;color:#fff;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 32px;font-size:15px;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 8px;}\n.vlf-cta-block a.btn-outline{display:inline-block;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.3);color:#fff;border-radius:8px;padding:14px 32px;font-size:15px;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;margin:0 8px 8px;}\n\/* Mobile *\/\n@media(max-width:900px){\n  .vlf-layout{flex-direction:column;}\n  .vlf-toc{width:100%;position:static;}\n  .vlf-hero h1{font-size:28px;}\n  .vlf-section{padding:28px 20px;}\n  .vlf-glossary{grid-template-columns:1fr;}\n  .vlf-gloss-item:nth-child(even){border-right:none;}\n  .vlf-gloss-item{border-right:none;}\n  .vlf-hero .meta-bar{gap:16px;}\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"vlf-wrap\">\n\n<!-- HERO -->\n<div class=\"vlf-hero\">\n  <div class=\"badge\">Legal Reference \u00b7 Updated May 2025<\/div>\n  <h1>Swiss Legal Framework<br>for Company Domiciliation<\/h1>\n  <p class=\"subtitle\">A comprehensive reference guide to the statutory framework governing Swiss company registration, domiciliation contracts, director obligations, AML compliance, BEPS substance, and data protection \u2014 at the level of Swiss legal practice.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"meta-bar\">\n    <div class=\"meta-item\"><strong>OR\/CO, HRegV, GwG<\/strong>Primary legislation<\/div>\n    <div class=\"meta-item\"><strong>Canton Zug<\/strong>Jurisdiction covered<\/div>\n    <div class=\"meta-item\"><strong>13 sections<\/strong>Comprehensive coverage<\/div>\n    <div class=\"meta-item\"><strong>May 2025<\/strong>SR references verified<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- BODY -->\n<div class=\"vlf-body\">\n<div class=\"vlf-layout\">\n\n<!-- SIDEBAR TOC -->\n<aside class=\"vlf-toc\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-toc-inner\">\n    <div class=\"vlf-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/div>\n    <a href=\"#s1\">1. OR\/CO Art. 117 \u2014 Agency &amp; Domiciliation<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s2\">2. HRegV \u2014 Commercial Register<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s3\">3. AMLA\/GwG \u2014 Anti-Money Laundering<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s4\">4. GmbH \u2014 OR Art. 772\u2013827<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s5\">5. AG \u2014 OR Art. 620\u2013763<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s6\">6. Director Residency \u2014 OR Art. 718<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s7\">7. Canton Zug \u2014 Tax &amp; Regulatory<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s8\">8. OECD BEPS \u2014 Substance<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s9\">9. FINMA \u2014 Regulated Activities<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s10\">10. Data Protection \u2014 nDSG\/GDPR<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s11\">11. Domiciliation vs Real Office<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s12\">12. Registration Timeline<\/a>\n    <a href=\"#s13\">13. Glossary<\/a>\n    <div class=\"vlf-toc-sep\"><\/div>\n    <a href=\"\/get-started\/\" class=\"vlf-toc-download\">Start Your Swiss Company<\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<!-- MAIN CONTENT -->\n<main class=\"vlf-main\">\n<!-- SECTION 1: OR\/CO Art. 117 -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s1\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 1<\/div>\n  <h2>OR\/CO Art. 117 \u2014 Agency &amp; Domiciliation<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">Art. 117 of the Swiss Code of Obligations (<em>Obligationenrecht<\/em>, OR; SR 220) governs the representation contract \u2014 the legal foundation upon which all Swiss domiciliation arrangements rest. The domiciliation agent acts as an authorised representative of the client company for address-related purposes only, within a strictly scoped mandate governed by OR Art. 394\u2013406.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>1.1 \u2014 The Mandate Relationship (OR Art. 394\u2013406)<\/h3>\n  <p>The domiciliation contract between VOZ and your company is governed by the mandate provisions of the Code of Obligations (<em>Auftrag<\/em>, <span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 394\u2013406<\/span>). These provisions define the rights and obligations of both parties with precision.<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-cite\">\n    &#8220;By a mandate contract, the agent undertakes to transact the business or render the services with which he has been entrusted.&#8221;\n    <span class=\"cite-ref\">\u2014 Art. 394 OR (Code of Obligations)<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p>Key obligations of VOZ as domiciliary agent (<em>Mandatar<\/em>):<\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 396 OR<\/span> \u2014 Scope of authority:<\/strong> VOZ&#8217;s mandate is strictly scoped to address services \u2014 mail receipt, scanning, forwarding, and issuance of address certificates. VOZ does not hold general authority to act on behalf of client companies.<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 398 OR<\/span> \u2014 Duty of care (<em>Sorgfaltspflicht<\/em>):<\/strong> VOZ must exercise the care of a diligent agent (<em>sorgf\u00e4ltige Ausf\u00fchrung<\/em>). This includes timely mail processing, accurate scanning, and confidential handling of all received correspondence.<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 400 OR<\/span> \u2014 Duty to account:<\/strong> VOZ must provide account of all matters relating to the mandate on request \u2014 including records of received correspondence.<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 404 OR<\/span> \u2014 Termination:<\/strong> Either party may terminate the mandate at any time (subject to contractual notice period). This reflects the fundamentally revocable nature of the mandate \u2014 clients can always transfer their registered address.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-info\"><strong>Practical implication:<\/strong> The domiciliation contract creates a well-defined legal relationship under Swiss private law. It is not a partnership, not a joint venture, and not a grant of authority to bind your company in any commercial capacity.<\/div>\n\n  <h3>1.2 \u2014 The Domiciliation Agreement as a Regulated Contract<\/h3>\n  <p>Since the 2016 revision of the AMLA (<em>GwG<\/em>), domiciliation contracts in Switzerland are not merely private service agreements \u2014 they are regulated financial intermediary contracts subject to mandatory KYC and AML obligations.<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-cite\">\n    &#8220;Persons who professionally provide domicile addresses or other address services are deemed to be financial intermediaries and are subject to this Act.&#8221;\n    <span class=\"cite-ref\">\u2014 Art. 2 para. 3 lit. e GwG (AMLA; SR 955.0)<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p>This regulatory classification means:<\/p>\n  <ol>\n    <li>VOZ must verify the identity of all beneficial owners (<em>Wirtschaftlich Berechtigte<\/em>)<\/li>\n    <li>VOZ must maintain KYC records for a minimum of 10 years<\/li>\n    <li>VOZ must file suspicious activity reports with the Money Reporting Office Switzerland (MROS) where required<\/li>\n    <li>VOZ is supervised and subject to periodic AML audits by a FINMA-recognised SRO<\/li>\n  <\/ol>\n\n  <h3>1.3 \u2014 Domicile vs Operational Address<\/h3>\n  <p>Swiss law draws a precise distinction between two address concepts that are frequently conflated:<\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong>Statutory seat (<em>Sitz<\/em>, <span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 56<\/span>):<\/strong> The legal domicile of the company as defined in its articles of association and entered in the commercial register. This is the address VOZ provides. It determines jurisdiction for Swiss litigation, the applicable cantonal tax law, and the competent commercial register authority.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Operational address:<\/strong> Where the company&#8217;s actual business activities are conducted. Can be anywhere in the world for companies without Swiss-based staff or operations.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n  <div class=\"vlf-neutral\">The distinction matters for: (a) tax residency determination \u2014 generally follows management and control location, not statutory seat alone; (b) legal service \u2014 Swiss courts and authorities serve documents at the statutory seat; (c) treaty benefits \u2014 require both a Swiss seat and sufficient economic substance under OECD BEPS standards.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- SECTION 2: HRegV -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s2\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 2<\/div>\n  <h2>HRegV \u2014 Commercial Register Requirements<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">The <em>Handelsregisterverordnung<\/em> (HRegV; SR 221.411) prescribes the documentation requirements for all commercial register entries in Switzerland. All 26 cantonal registers are governed by this federal ordinance, ensuring uniform standards across jurisdictions.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>2.1 \u2014 Registration Requirements: GmbH<\/h3>\n  <p>For a Swiss GmbH (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 779\u2013779e<\/span>), the following documents must be filed with the cantonal register authority (<em>Handelsregisteramt<\/em>, HRAB):<\/p>\n  <ol>\n    <li>Notarially authenticated articles of association (<em>Gesellschaftsvertrag<\/em>), including: company name and legal form, statutory seat, purpose clause (<em>Zweck<\/em>), share capital amount and structure, names of managing directors and signing authority<\/li>\n    <li>Written declaration of each managing director accepting appointment<\/li>\n    <li>Specimen signatures of all persons with signing authority<\/li>\n    <li>Capital deposit certificate (<em>Einzahlungsbest\u00e4tigung<\/em>) from a Swiss bank confirming deposit of minimum CHF 20,000<\/li>\n    <li>Domiciliation agreement or proof of registered address in the canton<\/li>\n  <\/ol>\n\n  <h3>2.2 \u2014 Registration Requirements: AG<\/h3>\n  <p>For a Swiss AG (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 629\u2013634<\/span>):<\/p>\n  <ol>\n    <li>Notarially authenticated deed of incorporation (<em>Gr\u00fcndungsurkunde<\/em>)<\/li>\n    <li>Authenticated articles of association (<em>Statuten<\/em>)<\/li>\n    <li>Board resolution on share allotment<\/li>\n    <li>Capital deposit certificate confirming minimum CHF 50,000 paid-in (minimum CHF 100,000 total subscribed)<\/li>\n    <li>Acceptance declarations of all board members<\/li>\n    <li>Auditor appointment \u2014 unless waived (<em>Opting-out<\/em>) for companies with fewer than 10 FTE<\/li>\n  <\/ol>\n\n  <h3>2.3 \u2014 HRAB Zug \u2014 Processing Times<\/h3>\n  <p>The HRAB Zug (<em>Handelsregisteramt Zug<\/em>) processes all registrations for companies domiciled in Canton Zug. Switzerland introduced mandatory electronic commercial register filings (e-HR) effective 2021.<\/p>\n  <p><strong>HRAB Zug<\/strong> \u2014 Bahnhofstrasse 26, 6301 Zug \u2014 Tel: +41 41 728 55 55<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-table-wrap\">\n    <table class=\"vlf-table\">\n      <thead><tr><th>Transaction<\/th><th>Standard Processing<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr><td>New GmbH or AG formation<\/td><td>5\u201310 business days<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Address change<\/td><td>3\u20137 business days<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Director change<\/td><td>3\u20137 business days<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Capital increase<\/td><td>5\u201310 business days<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Articles amendment<\/td><td>5\u201310 business days<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Liquidation (provisional)<\/td><td>3\u20135 business days<\/td><\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p>The HRAB publishes all entries in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce (<em>Schweizerisches Handelsamtsblatt<\/em>, SHAB). Entries on SHAB are legally effective upon publication \u2014 the company exists from the date of SHAB publication.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>2.4 \u2014 ZEFIX: Public Register Access<\/h3>\n  <p>ZEFIX (<em>Zentraler Firmenindex<\/em>) is the federal platform providing public access to all 26 cantonal commercial registers at <strong>zefix.ch<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-table-wrap\">\n    <table class=\"vlf-table\">\n      <thead><tr><th>Publicly Available on ZEFIX<\/th><th>Not Publicly Available<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr><td>Company name and legal form<\/td><td>Shareholder names (AG only)<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Statutory seat (registered address)<\/td><td>Beneficial owner details<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Director names and signing authority<\/td><td>Financial statements (unless audited)<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Share capital amount<\/td><td>Bank account details<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>UID number (CHE-xxx.xxx.xxx)<\/td><td>Internal resolutions<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>GmbH shareholder names and quota shares<\/td><td>AG share register<\/td><\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-info\"><strong>Note on GmbH confidentiality:<\/strong> For a GmbH, shareholder names and their quota shares <em>are<\/em> publicly listed in the commercial register (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 791<\/span>). This is one reason clients preferring structural confidentiality of ownership choose the AG structure.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- SECTION 3: AMLA\/GwG -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s3\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 3<\/div>\n  <h2>AMLA\/GwG \u2014 Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Obligations<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">The Federal Act on Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (<em>Geldw\u00e4schereigesetz<\/em>, GwG; SR 955.0), originally enacted in 1997 and substantially revised in 2016, governs the AML obligations of Swiss financial intermediaries \u2014 a category that explicitly includes domiciliary agents.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>3.1 \u2014 Classification as Financial Intermediary<\/h3>\n  <div class=\"vlf-cite\">\n    &#8220;Persons who professionally provide the following services on behalf of third parties&#8230; (e) provide domicile or registered office addresses&#8230; are deemed to be financial intermediaries under this Act.&#8221;\n    <span class=\"cite-ref\">\u2014 Art. 2 para. 3 lit. e GwG (AMLA; SR 955.0)<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p>VOZ operates as a financial intermediary under GwG Art. 2 para. 3 lit. e. This subjects VOZ to the full range of AML obligations under GwG:<\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 3 GwG<\/span> \u2014 Duty to identify:<\/strong> Verification of the identity of all contracting parties using official identification documents.<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 4 GwG<\/span> \u2014 Identification of beneficial owners (<em>Wirtschaftlich Berechtigte<\/em>):<\/strong> For corporate clients, VOZ must identify the ultimate individual(s) who own or control the client company \u2014 typically anyone holding 25%+ of shares or voting rights.<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 5 GwG<\/span> \u2014 Renewal of identification:<\/strong> If doubts arise about previously collected information, re-identification is required. Annual beneficial owner renewal is standard practice.<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 6 GwG<\/span> \u2014 Enhanced due diligence:<\/strong> Required for high-risk relationships \u2014 including politically exposed persons (PEPs), high-risk jurisdictions, and complex ownership structures.<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 9 GwG<\/span> \u2014 Reporting obligation:<\/strong> If VOZ has reasonable grounds to suspect assets are connected to money laundering or terrorist financing, a report must be filed with MROS (Money Reporting Office Switzerland).<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 7 GwG<\/span> \u2014 Documentation:<\/strong> All KYC documents must be retained for a minimum of 10 years after termination of the business relationship.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>3.2 \u2014 What AMLA Compliance Means for Clients<\/h3>\n  <p>When you subscribe to VOZ, the following documents are required as a matter of Swiss law \u2014 not VOZ policy:<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-table-wrap\">\n    <table class=\"vlf-table\">\n      <thead><tr><th>Client Category<\/th><th>Required Documents<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr><td><strong>All clients (mandatory)<\/strong><\/td><td>Valid government ID (passport or national ID) for all beneficial owners and directors; proof of residential address less than 3 months old<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td><strong>Corporate shareholders<\/strong><\/td><td>Articles of association of the corporate entity; proof of ultimate beneficial owner<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td><strong>High-risk profiles (enhanced DD)<\/strong><\/td><td>Source of funds declaration; business activity description; bank reference; criminal record certificate<\/td><\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-warn\"><strong>Important:<\/strong> These requirements apply regardless of the client&#8217;s nationality or country of residence. Non-compliance with KYC requests results in inability to provide domiciliation services \u2014 this is a legal obligation, not a commercial choice.<\/div>\n\n  <h3>3.3 \u2014 FINMA Supervision vs SRO Membership<\/h3>\n  <p>Swiss financial intermediaries not subject to direct FINMA supervision must affiliate with a FINMA-recognised self-regulatory organisation (SRO). VOZ operates under the supervision of a FINMA-recognised SRO, which conducts periodic audits of AML compliance.<\/p>\n  <p>The SRO regime applies to: domiciliary agents (<span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 2 para. 3 GwG<\/span>), non-bank asset managers, payment service providers, and currency exchange operators. This regulatory structure ensures that all Swiss domiciliary agents operate to the same minimum AML standards \u2014 providing confidence that a VOZ domiciliation agreement will be accepted by Swiss banks and notaries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- SECTION 4: GmbH -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s4\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 4<\/div>\n  <h2>GmbH \u2014 Legal Framework (OR Art. 772\u2013827)<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">The <em>Gesellschaft mit beschr\u00e4nkter Haftung<\/em> (GmbH, limited liability company) is governed by <span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 772\u2013827<\/span>. Introduced in modern form by the 2008 CO reform, the GmbH is Switzerland&#8217;s most commonly used vehicle for SMEs and international founders establishing a Swiss presence.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>4.1 \u2014 Constitutional Characteristics<\/h3>\n  <div class=\"vlf-stat-grid\">\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">CHF 20,000<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Minimum capital (fully paid)<\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">1+<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Minimum shareholders<\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">1+<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Managing directors required<\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">Public<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Shareholders listed in register<\/span><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong>Liability limitation (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 794<\/span>):<\/strong> Shareholders (<em>Gesellschafter<\/em>) are liable only up to their capital contributions. Personal assets are protected from company creditors, subject to veil-piercing in cases of abuse.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Governance (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 804\u2013810<\/span>):<\/strong> Two statutory organs \u2014 the shareholders&#8217; meeting (<em>Gesellschafterversammlung<\/em>) as supreme decision-making body, and management (<em>Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrung<\/em>) of one or more managing directors. No board of directors is required.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Public register (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 791<\/span>):<\/strong> Shareholder names, quota sizes and capital contribution amounts are publicly registered. This is a fundamental difference from the AG structure.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Quota transfer (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 785\u2013786<\/span>):<\/strong> Quotas (<em>Stammanteile<\/em>) are freely transferable unless the articles restrict transfer. Transfer requires notarial authentication and approval by shareholders holding at least three-quarters of share capital.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>4.2 \u2014 Managing Director Obligations<\/h3>\n  <p><span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 810<\/span> \u2014 Duties of management. Managing directors must: (a) manage the company with due care (<em>Sorgfalt<\/em>); (b) act in the company&#8217;s interests, not their personal interests; (c) maintain confidentiality of business affairs; (d) comply with statutory obligations including accounting, tax filings and register updates.<\/p>\n  <p><span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 812<\/span> \u2014 Liability. Managing directors are personally liable to the company and creditors for damage caused by intentional or negligent breach of duties. Swiss director liability is particularly strict in cases of:<\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li>Failure to declare insolvency (<em>Unterlassung der \u00dcberschuldungsanzeige<\/em>)<\/li>\n    <li>Dividend distributions from non-distributable reserves<\/li>\n    <li>Breach of capital maintenance rules<\/li>\n    <li>AMLA\/GwG violations<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>4.3 \u2014 Shareholder Rights and Obligations<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 798<\/span> \u2014 Capital contributions:<\/strong> Shareholders must make capital contributions as defined in the articles. Failure constitutes a statutory breach.<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 800<\/span> \u2014 Information rights:<\/strong> Shareholders have a right to information and inspection (<em>Auskunfts- und Einsichtsrecht<\/em>) at any time \u2014 a broader right than AG shareholders possess.<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 801<\/span> \u2014 Distribution rights:<\/strong> Net profits may be distributed only after allocating 5% to the statutory reserve until the reserve reaches 20% of share capital.<\/li>\n    <li><strong><span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 822<\/span> \u2014 Right to exit:<\/strong> A shareholder may petition the court for a buy-out for important reasons \u2014 a protective mechanism for minority shareholders.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- SECTION 5: AG -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s5\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 5<\/div>\n  <h2>AG \u2014 Legal Framework (OR Art. 620\u2013763)<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">The <em>Aktiengesellschaft<\/em> (AG, <em>soci\u00e9t\u00e9 anonyme<\/em>\/SA) is Switzerland&#8217;s capital company par excellence \u2014 the vehicle used by large corporations, institutional holding structures, and venture-backed companies. Governed by <span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 620\u2013763<\/span>, significantly modernised by the 2023 OR reform.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>5.1 \u2014 Key Distinctions from GmbH<\/h3>\n  <div class=\"vlf-stat-grid\">\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">CHF 100,000<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Minimum capital (50% paid-in)<\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">1+<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Shareholders (anonymous)<\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">3 organs<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">GA + VR + Auditors<\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">Private<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Shareholders NOT public<\/span><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong>Anonymous shareholders:<\/strong> AG shareholders are NOT listed in the public commercial register. Only the board of directors is publicly visible. This provides structural confidentiality not available in the GmbH.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Three mandatory organs (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 698<\/span>):<\/strong> (a) General meeting of shareholders (<em>Generalversammlung<\/em>) \u2014 supreme organ, annual meeting required; (b) Board of directors (<em>Verwaltungsrat<\/em>) \u2014 strategic oversight, at least one member required; (c) Auditors (<em>Revisionsstelle<\/em>) \u2014 mandatory unless waived for companies below thresholds.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Share types (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 622\u2013623<\/span>):<\/strong> The AG can issue registered shares (<em>Namenaktien<\/em>), bearer shares (<em>Inhaberaktien<\/em>) \u2014 now largely prohibited since the 2019 AMLA reform (permitted only for listed companies) \u2014 and preference shares with special rights.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>5.2 \u2014 The 2023 AG Reform (OR Amendment)<\/h3>\n  <p>The comprehensive reform of the AG provisions, in force since 1 January 2023, introduced significant changes:<\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong>Modernisation of shareholder rights:<\/strong> Electronic participation in general meetings permitted; virtual general meetings allowed under specific conditions; written circular resolution simplified for unanimous decisions.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Capital flexibility:<\/strong> Share capital can now be expressed in currencies other than CHF (if the company&#8217;s functional currency differs); authorised capital and conditional capital rules updated; capital band (<em>Kapitalband<\/em>) introduced \u2014 the board can increase or decrease capital within a pre-approved range without further shareholder approval.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Sustainability reporting:<\/strong> Large companies must report on non-financial matters (climate, social, supply chain due diligence). Threshold: CHF 20M balance sheet AND CHF 40M revenue AND 250+ FTE.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Proxy voting reform:<\/strong> Institutional shareholders must disclose voting policies; independent proxy (<em>Stimmrechtsvertreter<\/em>) reforms for listed companies.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<!-- SECTION 6: Director Residency -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s6\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 6<\/div>\n  <h2>Swiss Director Residency Requirement \u2014 OR Art. 718<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">Swiss law requires every GmbH and AG to have at least one director or managing director who is domiciled in Switzerland and can represent the company with individual or joint signing authority. This is a hard statutory requirement enforced by the commercial register authorities.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>6.1 \u2014 The Statutory Requirement<\/h3>\n  <div class=\"vlf-cite\">\n    &#8220;Die Gesellschaft muss durch eine Person vertreten werden k\u00f6nnen, die in der Schweiz Wohnsitz hat.&#8221;<br>\n    (The company must be capable of being represented by a person domiciled in Switzerland.)\n    <span class=\"cite-ref\">\u2014 OR Art. 718 para. 4 (AG); OR Art. 814 para. 3 (GmbH)<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p>This requirement applies to both GmbH (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 814 para. 3<\/span>) and AG (<span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 718 para. 4<\/span>) and is enforced by the commercial register authorities as a condition of registration and continued register compliance.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>6.2 \u2014 Who Satisfies the Requirement<\/h3>\n  <p>Any person who: (a) is legally domiciled in Switzerland (<em>Wohnsitz<\/em> \u2014 permanent residence, not merely physical presence); (b) holds at minimum a valid Swiss residence permit (B or C) or is a Swiss citizen; and (c) holds at minimum joint signing authority (<em>Kollektivunterschrift zu zweit<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-info\"><strong>Note on collective signing authority:<\/strong> If the resident director holds collective authority (<em>zu zweit<\/em>), they must sign jointly with another named individual. For practical operational independence, the resident director should hold individual authority (<em>Einzelunterschrift<\/em>).<\/div>\n\n  <h3>6.3 \u2014 The VOZ Director Mandate<\/h3>\n  <p>VOZ provides a licensed Swiss-resident fiduciary director who satisfies <span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 718 para. 4<\/span>. The mandate is governed by a comprehensive Director Agreement that:<\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong>Defines the director&#8217;s role as administrative only:<\/strong> The director satisfies the legal residency requirement and signs documents required by law. They do not participate in commercial decisions, strategy, or operations.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Protects your control:<\/strong> You retain full authority over business operations, bank accounts, and strategy. The director cannot dispose of assets, enter contracts, or act beyond the defined mandate without your written authorisation.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Addresses liability:<\/strong> The director&#8217;s scope is clearly limited. The agreement allocates liability appropriately between the parties. Directors are covered by professional liability insurance.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Allows replacement:<\/strong> You can replace the VOZ director at any time by appointing a Swiss-resident individual of your choice \u2014 a board resolution, a register update, and agreement termination suffice.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>6.4 \u2014 Criminal Record Certificate (<em>F\u00fchrungszeugnis<\/em>)<\/h3>\n  <p>When a VOZ nominee director is appointed, Swiss AMLA compliance and professional practice require the client (beneficial owner) to provide a recent criminal record certificate from their country of residence.<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-table-wrap\">\n    <table class=\"vlf-table\">\n      <thead><tr><th>Requirement<\/th><th>Details<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr><td>Issuing authority<\/td><td>Competent authority in your country of residence<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Maximum age<\/td><td>3 months from date of submission to VOZ<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Apostille<\/td><td>Required if issued outside a Hague Convention jurisdiction<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Translation<\/td><td>Required if not in German, French, Italian, or English<\/td><\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p>The criminal record requirement protects VOZ and its director from unwittingly facilitating structures for persons prohibited from managing companies under Swiss or foreign law. This is standard practice at all reputable Swiss domiciliary agents and fiduciaries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- SECTION 7: Canton Zug -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s7\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 7<\/div>\n  <h2>Canton Zug \u2014 Tax &amp; Regulatory Environment<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">Canton Zug combines Switzerland&#8217;s lowest combined corporate tax rate (~11.9%) with a world-leading regulatory framework for technology, digital assets, and international business. It is consistently ranked as Switzerland&#8217;s most business-friendly canton.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>7.1 \u2014 Core Tax Rates (2025)<\/h3>\n  <div class=\"vlf-stat-grid\">\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">~11.9%<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Combined CIT rate (federal + cantonal)<\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">35%<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Withholding tax on dividends (VeSt)<\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">8.1%<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Standard VAT rate (MWST)<\/span><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-stat\"><span class=\"val\">0%<\/span><span class=\"lbl\">Capital gains tax (for individuals)<\/span><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <h3>7.2 \u2014 Cantonal Tax Incentives (Steuergesetz Kanton Zug, BGS 632.1)<\/h3>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong>Patent box:<\/strong> Art. 74a of Zug&#8217;s tax act implements the cantonal patent box, providing up to 90% reduction on qualifying IP income at the cantonal level \u2014 compliant with OECD FHTP standards.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>R&amp;D super-deduction:<\/strong> Art. 74b permits an additional 50% deduction on qualifying Swiss R&amp;D expenditure, over and above actual costs incurred.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Step-up on hidden reserves:<\/strong> Transitional provisions allow companies migrating from abolished preferential regimes a step-up on previously untaxed hidden reserves \u2014 reducing the effective tax burden on historical value creation.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n  <div class=\"vlf-info\">These provisions are fully compliant with the OECD Forum on Harmful Tax Practices (FHTP) standards and Switzerland&#8217;s commitments under BEPS Action 5 \u2014 ensuring their long-term sustainability.<\/div>\n\n  <h3>7.3 \u2014 Crypto Valley and DLT Regulatory Framework<\/h3>\n  <div class=\"vlf-timeline\">\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">2013<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\">Zug City first accepts Bitcoin for municipal services \u2014 symbolically establishing Zug as blockchain-friendly.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">2016<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\">Crypto Valley Association formally established in Zug \u2014 today the world&#8217;s largest blockchain innovation cluster.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">2018<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\">FINMA publishes ICO Guidelines \u2014 classification of tokens as payment, utility, or asset tokens. Many projects domiciled in Zug.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">2021<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\">DLT Act (SR 958.1) comes into force \u2014 Switzerland is the first major jurisdiction to codify legal certainty for distributed ledger technology, including DLT securities (<em>Registerwertrechte<\/em>) under <span class=\"vlf-law\">OR Art. 973d\u2013973i<\/span>.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">2021<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\">Zug Canton accepts Bitcoin and Ether for tax payments up to CHF 100,000 \u2014 the first government in the world to do so.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">2023<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\">Swiss DLT trading facilities licensed by FINMA \u2014 regulated secondary market for tokenised securities operational.<\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p>The DLT Act creates a new category of uncertificated securities recorded on distributed ledgers (<em>Registerwertrechte<\/em>). Swiss AG shares can potentially be issued as DLT securities under <span class=\"vlf-law\">Art. 973d et seq. OR<\/span> \u2014 making Switzerland the first OECD jurisdiction where share ownership can be recorded on a blockchain with full legal certainty.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<!-- SECTION 8: BEPS -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s8\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 8<\/div>\n  <h2>OECD BEPS \u2014 Substance Requirements<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">Switzerland committed to the OECD&#8217;s BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) project in 2013 and has implemented all four minimum standards. Understanding BEPS is essential for any Swiss company making cross-border treaty claims or receiving passive income from foreign subsidiaries.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>8.1 \u2014 The Four BEPS Minimum Standards in Switzerland<\/h3>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-table-wrap\">\n    <table class=\"vlf-table\">\n      <thead><tr><th>BEPS Action<\/th><th>Topic<\/th><th>Swiss Implementation<\/th><th>Status<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr><td><strong>Action 5<\/strong><\/td><td>Harmful Tax Practices<\/td><td>Abolished cantonal ring-fencing regimes (holding privilege, mixed company, domicile company status) by January 2020. Replaced with nexus-based patent box and R&amp;D deduction.<\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Implemented<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td><strong>Action 6<\/strong><\/td><td>Treaty Abuse (PPT)<\/td><td>Principal Purpose Test (PPT) adopted as minimum standard for new and renegotiated treaties. Incorporated via the MLI (Multilateral Instrument, ratified 2019).<\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Implemented<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td><strong>Action 13<\/strong><\/td><td>Country-by-Country Reporting<\/td><td>Swiss multinationals with consolidated revenue exceeding CHF 900M must file CbCR with the ESTV annually (Federal Act on CbCR, SR 654.1). Does not affect most VOZ clients.<\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Implemented<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td><strong>Action 14<\/strong><\/td><td>Dispute Resolution (MAP)<\/td><td>Switzerland committed to Mandatory Binding Arbitration (MBA) for treaty disputes. Progressively implemented in renegotiated treaties.<\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">In progress<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <h3>8.2 \u2014 Substance Requirements for Treaty Benefit Claims<\/h3>\n  <p>The BEPS Action 6 PPT creates a practical requirement for companies claiming Swiss treaty benefits. Treaty relief may be denied where obtaining the benefit was a principal purpose of the arrangement.<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-table-wrap\">\n    <table class=\"vlf-table\">\n      <thead><tr><th>Constitutes Sufficient Substance<\/th><th>Does NOT Constitute Substance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr><td>Qualified decision-makers physically present in Switzerland<\/td><td>A registered address alone<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Documented board\/management meetings held in Switzerland<\/td><td>Outsourcing all management decisions to foreign advisors<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Core income-generating activities conducted in Switzerland<\/td><td>Director present in Switzerland only for signing<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Swiss-resident director with genuine authority and documented decisions<\/td><td>No Swiss economic activity of any substance<\/td><\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p><strong>Spectrum of substance requirements:<\/strong><\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong>Pure holding companies<\/strong> (receiving passive income from subsidiaries): Generally lower substance required. A Swiss-resident director with genuine authority, documented board resolutions, and periodic Swiss presence for management meetings typically suffices.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Operating companies<\/strong> (active business income): More substance required \u2014 typically including Swiss-based personnel making operational decisions or documented Swiss management of core business activities.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-neutral\">The VOZ Swiss Director service provides the foundational Swiss-resident presence required for holding structures. For operating companies with significant treaty claims, we recommend consulting a qualified Swiss tax advisor to assess your specific substance position.<\/div>\n\n  <h3>8.3 \u2014 OECD Pillar Two and Switzerland<\/h3>\n  <p>The OECD Global Anti-Base Erosion (GloBE) rules (Pillar Two) establish a minimum effective corporate tax of 15% for large multinationals. Switzerland adopted a constitutional amendment (approved June 2023) and introduced a Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax (QDMTT) effective 1 January 2024.<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-table-wrap\">\n    <table class=\"vlf-table\">\n      <thead><tr><th>Parameter<\/th><th>Detail<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr><td>Pillar Two scope threshold<\/td><td>Consolidated revenue exceeding EUR 750 million<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Minimum effective rate<\/td><td>15%<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Zug headline rate<\/td><td>~11.9% (below 15% floor for in-scope groups)<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Swiss mechanism<\/td><td>QDMTT \u2014 Switzerland collects the top-up (~3.1%) domestically rather than allowing foreign UTPR collection<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Impact on VOZ clients<\/td><td>None \u2014 Pillar Two applies only to groups exceeding EUR 750M consolidated revenue<\/td><\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-success\"><strong>For most VOZ clients:<\/strong> Pillar Two does not apply. All other clients continue to benefit from Zug&#8217;s ~11.9% effective rate without Pillar Two implications.<\/div>\n\n  <h3>8.4 \u2014 FATF and Swiss AML Compliance<\/h3>\n  <p>Switzerland is a founding member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and subject to its mutual evaluations. The 2016 FATF Mutual Evaluation of Switzerland identified domiciliary agents as a key vulnerability \u2014 leading directly to the 2016 AMLA reform extending GwG obligations to domiciliary agents.<\/p>\n  <p>Switzerland&#8217;s most recent FATF assessment (2022) rated Switzerland as &#8220;Largely Compliant&#8221; on most recommendations, with ongoing improvements to beneficial ownership transparency (see TRAF and GwG revisions). Swiss banks conduct enhanced due diligence on companies using virtual office addresses. VOZ&#8217;s AMLA-compliant domiciliation documentation is specifically designed to satisfy Swiss bank KYC requirements \u2014 reducing account opening friction for clients.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- SECTION 9: FINMA -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s9\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 9<\/div>\n  <h2>FINMA \u2014 Regulated Activities and Licensing Requirements<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) is the federal regulator for banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges, and collective investment schemes. Most Swiss companies domiciled with VOZ do NOT require FINMA authorisation. However, certain activities trigger licensing requirements that must be assessed before commencing operations.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>9.1 \u2014 Activities Requiring a FINMA Licence<\/h3>\n  <div class=\"vlf-table-wrap\">\n    <table class=\"vlf-table\">\n      <thead><tr><th>Regulated Activity<\/th><th>Applicable Law<\/th><th>Threshold \/ Trigger<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr><td>Banking (deposit-taking)<\/td><td>FINMAG Art. 3; BankG<\/td><td>Professional acceptance of deposits from more than 20 persons, or public advertising of deposit services<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Financial services (investment advice \/ portfolio management)<\/td><td>FinSA (SR 950.1)<\/td><td>Providing financial services to clients as a profession \u2014 requires registration in a FINMA-recognised client advisor register<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Asset management<\/td><td>FinIA (SR 954.1); CISA<\/td><td>Assets under management exceeding CHF 100M (or CHF 500M for exclusively illiquid assets)<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Insurance intermediary<\/td><td>VAG; FINMAG<\/td><td>Distributing insurance products on a professional basis<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Payment services at scale<\/td><td>FINMAG; NBG<\/td><td>Operating a payment system \u2014 subject to SNB oversight for systemically important systems<\/td><\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <h3>9.2 \u2014 Digital Asset Activities and FINMA<\/h3>\n  <p>The 2018 FINMA ICO Guidelines (FINMA Guidance 02\/2018) remain the primary reference for token classification:<\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong>Payment tokens<\/strong> (Bitcoin, Ether-type): No FINMA licence required for holding or using payment tokens commercially.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Utility tokens:<\/strong> Generally not subject to financial market law if they grant access to services only, with no profit-participation or repayment obligations.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Asset\/security tokens:<\/strong> Tokens representing equity, debt, derivatives, or profit-participation rights are deemed securities (<em>Effekten<\/em>) under FinMIA and require full FINMA compliance.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>VASPs (Virtual Asset Service Providers):<\/strong> Crypto exchanges, custodians, and other VASPs must comply with AMLA\/GwG obligations and may require a FINMA licence depending on scale and activity.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>9.3 \u2014 Activities NOT Requiring FINMA Authorisation (Typical VOZ Clients)<\/h3>\n  <div class=\"vlf-success\">The following activities do NOT require FINMA licensing and are typical of VOZ clients: holding company (passive investment holding); trading company; consulting and professional services; intellectual property holding; software development and SaaS; e-commerce operations; family office managing own family assets (not third-party client assets); real estate holding (subject to <em>lex Koller<\/em> for foreign acquirers of Swiss residential property).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- SECTION 10: Data Protection -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s10\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 10<\/div>\n  <h2>Data Protection \u2014 nDSG and GDPR<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">Switzerland&#8217;s new Federal Data Protection Act (nDSG; SR 235.1) came into force on 1 September 2023, substantially modernising the 1992 framework and aligning Swiss data protection law with EU GDPR standards while maintaining Switzerland&#8217;s independent regulatory position.<\/p>\n\n  <h3>10.1 \u2014 Swiss Federal Act on Data Protection (nDSG)<\/h3>\n  <p>The totally revised nDSG introduces:<\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li><strong>Expanded scope:<\/strong> Applies to all processing of personal data of natural persons with a connection to Switzerland \u2014 both within Switzerland and extraterritorially (effect principle).<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA):<\/strong> Required for high-risk processing (large-scale, automated profiling, sensitive data categories).<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Privacy by Design and Default:<\/strong> Technical and organisational measures must be built into systems from the outset.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Data Subject Rights:<\/strong> Right to information, right of access, right to rectification, right to deletion (under specific conditions), and right to data portability (new in nDSG).<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Breach notification:<\/strong> Mandatory reporting to the Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (FDPIC) without delay for high-risk breaches.<\/li>\n    <li><strong>Sanctions:<\/strong> Criminal penalties up to CHF 250,000 for intentional violations \u2014 imposed on individuals, not the company as an entity.<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <h3>10.2 \u2014 EU GDPR Applicability to Swiss Companies<\/h3>\n  <p>The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR; Regulation 2016\/679) applies extraterritorially to Swiss companies that: (a) offer goods or services to EU\/EEA data subjects, OR (b) monitor the behaviour of EU\/EEA data subjects. Most Swiss companies with European clients or partners are subject to GDPR in addition to nDSG.<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-info\"><strong>Adequacy decision:<\/strong> Switzerland benefits from an EU adequacy decision (Commission Decision C(2000)2304), permitting data transfers from the EU to Switzerland without additional safeguards. This remains in force \u2014 a significant competitive advantage over most non-EU jurisdictions including the United Kingdom and United States.<\/div>\n\n  <h3>10.3 \u2014 VOZ Data Processing Obligations<\/h3>\n  <p>VOZ processes personal data of clients and their officers for AML\/KYC purposes. As a data controller, VOZ: processes data lawfully under the legal obligation basis (GwG\/AML); stores data only as legally required (10-year retention under GwG Art. 7); implements appropriate technical security measures; and does not transfer personal data outside Switzerland except as required by law (e.g., MROS reporting).<\/p>\n  <p>As a Swiss GmbH or AG, your company has its own nDSG and GDPR obligations for data it processes in its business activities. A VOZ registered address does not affect your data processing obligations \u2014 these depend on your business activities and the personal data you process.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- SECTION 11: Domiciliation vs Real Office -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s11\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 11<\/div>\n  <h2>Domiciliation vs Real Office \u2014 Comparative Legal Analysis<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">The choice between a domiciliation address, a domiciliation combined with a Swiss-resident director, and a full operational office involves distinct legal, tax, and substance considerations. This table provides a comparative framework for informed decision-making.<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-table-wrap\">\n    <table class=\"vlf-table\">\n      <thead>\n        <tr>\n          <th>Criterion<\/th>\n          <th>VOZ Domiciliation<\/th>\n          <th>Domiciliation + Director<\/th>\n          <th>Real Office<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n      <\/thead>\n      <tbody>\n        <tr><td>Commercial Register entry<\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Valid for invoices &amp; contracts<\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Mail handling &amp; scanning<\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>OR Art. 718 compliance<\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-cross\">No (without director)<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>AML substance (GwG Art. 119)<\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Yes<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>BEPS holding substance<\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-partial\">Partial<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-partial\">Partial\u2013Full<\/span><\/td><td><span class=\"vlf-check\">Full<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Permanent Establishment risk<\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>Higher<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Treaty benefit eligibility<\/td><td>Limited<\/td><td>Generally yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>FINMA regulated activities<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>No<\/td><\/tr>\n        <tr><td>Annual cost (indicative)<\/td><td>From CHF 708\/yr<\/td><td>From CHF 4,400\/yr<\/td><td>CHF 50,000+\/yr<\/td><\/tr>\n      <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-neutral\"><strong>Note on the &#8220;Domiciliation + Director&#8221; column:<\/strong> This represents the standard setup for most VOZ international clients \u2014 a Swiss registered address combined with a Swiss-resident director. This combination satisfies OR Art. 718, GwG Art. 119, and the foundational substance requirements for passive holding structures. For operating companies conducting active Swiss business or making significant treaty claims, a real office with Swiss-employed staff may be required. We recommend consulting a Swiss tax advisor for a substance analysis specific to your structure.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- SECTION 12: Timeline -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s12\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 12<\/div>\n  <h2>Registration Timeline \u2014 Swiss Company Formation<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">Understanding the sequence and typical duration of each step allows founders to plan their Swiss incorporation accurately. The timeline below reflects standard HRAB Zug processing times as of 2025.<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-timeline\">\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">Day 1\u20133<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\"><strong>KYC &amp; domiciliation agreement:<\/strong> VOZ collects identity documents, beneficial owner declaration, criminal record certificate. Domiciliation agreement signed. Address certificate issued for bank account opening.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">Day 3\u20135<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\"><strong>Notarial appointment:<\/strong> Articles of association drafted and authenticated before a Canton Zug notary. For a GmbH, this includes the <em>Gesellschaftsvertrag<\/em>; for an AG, the <em>Gr\u00fcndungsurkunde<\/em> and <em>Statuten<\/em>. Remote notarisation available under the 2023 OR reform.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">Day 5\u20137<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\"><strong>Bank account and capital deposit:<\/strong> Temporary escrow account opened at a Swiss bank. Share capital deposited and <em>Einzahlungsbest\u00e4tigung<\/em> obtained. Processing time varies by bank \u2014 typically 2\u20135 business days once KYC approved.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">Day 7\u201312<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\"><strong>HRAB filing:<\/strong> Notary or fiduciary files the formation documents electronically with HRAB Zug. Register authority reviews and processes the application. Standard processing: 5\u201310 business days.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">Day 12\u201317<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\"><strong>SHAB publication:<\/strong> Company entered in the commercial register and published in the <em>Schweizerisches Handelsamtsblatt<\/em> (SHAB). The company legally exists from the date of SHAB publication. UID number (CHE-xxx.xxx.xxx) assigned.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-tl-item\"><div class=\"vlf-tl-year\">Day 17\u201320<\/div><div class=\"vlf-tl-text\"><strong>Post-formation:<\/strong> Capital released from escrow to the company&#8217;s operating account. VAT registration filed with ESTV if applicable. Cantonal tax registration. Company fully operational.<\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-info\"><strong>Total indicative timeline:<\/strong> 15\u201325 business days from KYC completion to SHAB publication. Expedited processing available in some cases. The main variable is bank account opening \u2014 we recommend initiating this in parallel with the notarial process.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- SECTION 13: Glossary -->\n<div class=\"vlf-section\" id=\"s13\">\n  <div class=\"vlf-section-id\">Section 13<\/div>\n  <h2>Legal Definitions and Key Terms<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"section-lead\">A reference glossary of Swiss legal, regulatory, and tax terms used throughout this guide. Terms are referenced to their primary statutory source in the Swiss Systematische Rechtssammlung (SR).<\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"vlf-glossary\">\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">AG (Aktiengesellschaft)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Swiss joint-stock company. Minimum capital CHF 100,000 (50% paid-in). Shareholders private. Governed by OR Art. 620\u2013763.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">Auftrag (OR Art. 394\u2013406)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Swiss mandate contract governing service relationships, including domiciliation agreements. Revocable by either party at any time.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">BEPS<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Base Erosion and Profit Shifting \u2014 OECD framework to prevent tax avoidance. 15 actions; 4 minimum standards implemented by Switzerland.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">CbCR<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Country-by-Country Reporting \u2014 BEPS Action 13 requirement for multinationals exceeding CHF 900M \/ EUR 750M consolidated revenue (SR 654.1).<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">DLT Act (SR 958.1)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Swiss Distributed Ledger Technology Act, in force January 2021. Governs DLT securities (Registerwertrechte) under OR Art. 973d\u2013973i and DLT trading facilities.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">ESTV<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Eidgen\u00f6ssische Steuerverwaltung \u2014 Swiss Federal Tax Administration. Responsible for federal direct tax (DBG), withholding tax (VeSt), stamp duties, and VAT.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">FATF<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Financial Action Task Force \u2014 international AML\/CFT standard setter. Switzerland is a founding member and subject to periodic mutual evaluations.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">FINMA<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority \u2014 regulates banks, insurance, collective investment schemes, stock exchanges, and other financial intermediaries.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">FinIA (SR 954.1)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Financial Institutions Act \u2014 governs licensing of asset managers and trustees since 2020. Threshold: CHF 100M AUM for standard licence.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">FinMIA (SR 958.1)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Financial Market Infrastructure Act \u2014 governs stock exchanges, central counterparties, and DLT trading facilities. Defines &#8220;securities&#8221; (Effekten) for regulatory purposes.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">FinSA (SR 950.1)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Financial Services Act \u2014 governs financial advisors, product documentation (KID), and client protections since 2020.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">GmbH<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Gesellschaft mit beschr\u00e4nkter Haftung \u2014 Swiss limited liability company. Minimum capital CHF 20,000. Shareholders publicly listed in register. Governed by OR Art. 772\u2013827.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">GwG \/ AMLA (SR 955.0)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Geldw\u00e4schereigesetz \u2014 Federal Anti-Money Laundering Act. Governs KYC, beneficial owner identification, and reporting obligations of financial intermediaries including domiciliary agents.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">HRAB<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Handelsregisteramt \u2014 cantonal commercial register authority. HRAB Zug is the competent authority for all companies domiciled in Canton Zug.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">HRegV (SR 221.411)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Handelsregisterverordnung \u2014 Ordinance on the Commercial Register. Prescribes documentation requirements for all commercial register entries across all 26 cantons.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">MLI<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Multilateral Instrument \u2014 OECD treaty modifying bilateral tax treaties for BEPS compliance. Switzerland ratified in 2019, applying PPT and MAP provisions to covered treaties.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">MROS<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Money Reporting Office Switzerland \u2014 federal authority receiving and analysing suspicious activity reports (SARs) from financial intermediaries under GwG Art. 9.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">nDSG (SR 235.1)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Neues Datenschutzgesetz \u2014 new Swiss Federal Data Protection Act, in force 1 September 2023. Replaces the 1992 DSG and aligns Swiss law substantially with GDPR.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">OR \/ CO (SR 220)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Obligationenrecht \/ Code of Obligations \u2014 primary source of Swiss private and commercial law, including company law (GmbH, AG, partnerships), contract law, and tort law.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">Permanent Establishment (PE)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">A taxable presence in a jurisdiction for income tax purposes. Defined by bilateral tax treaties and OECD Model Convention Art. 5. A virtual office alone does not typically create a PE.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">PPT<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Principal Purpose Test \u2014 BEPS Action 6 anti-abuse rule in tax treaties. Denies treaty benefits where a principal purpose of an arrangement was to obtain the benefit.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">QDMTT<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax \u2014 Switzerland&#8217;s Pillar Two implementation. Collects the top-up from ~11.9% to 15% for large in-scope groups within Switzerland, effective 1 January 2024.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">SRO<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Self-Regulatory Organisation \u2014 FINMA-recognised body supervising financial intermediaries not under direct FINMA supervision. Domiciliary agents are typically supervised by an SRO.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">STAF \/ TRAF<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Swiss tax reform package (Steuerreform und AHV-Finanzierung), in force January 2020. Abolished cantonal preferential regimes; introduced patent box and R&amp;D super-deduction.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">UID<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Unternehmens-Identifikationsnummer \u2014 Swiss company identification number (format: CHE-xxx.xxx.xxx). Assigned upon commercial register entry. Used for tax, VAT, and official correspondence.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">Verrechnungssteuer (VeSt)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Swiss withholding tax of 35% on dividends, bond interest, and lottery winnings. Governed by VStG (SR 642.21). Refundable for Swiss residents; partially refundable under tax treaties.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">Wirtschaftlich Berechtigter<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Beneficial owner \u2014 the natural person who ultimately owns or controls a legal entity (typically: 25%+ shareholding or voting rights). Must be identified under GwG Art. 4.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">ZEFIX<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Zentraler Firmenindex \u2014 federal online platform providing public access to all 26 cantonal commercial registers at zefix.ch. Includes SHAB publication history.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">Zweck (Purpose clause)<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">The statutory purpose of a Swiss company as defined in its articles of association and entered in the commercial register. Activities outside the Zweck may require an articles amendment.<\/div><\/div>\n    <div class=\"vlf-gloss-item\"><div class=\"vlf-gloss-term\">F\u00fchrungszeugnis<\/div><div class=\"vlf-gloss-def\">Criminal record certificate issued by the competent national authority. Required from beneficial owners when appointing a VOZ nominee director. Must be less than 3 months old.<\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- DISCLAIMER -->\n<div class=\"vlf-disclaimer\">\n  <h3>Legal Disclaimer and Sources<\/h3>\n  <p>This guide is produced by Virtual Office Zug for general educational purposes only. It does not constitute legal, tax, accounting, or regulatory advice and must not be relied upon as a substitute for professional guidance from a licensed Swiss attorney (<em>Rechtsanwalt\/Rechtsanw\u00e4ltin<\/em>), tax adviser (<em>Steuerberater\/Treuh\u00e4nder<\/em>), or certified public accountant.<\/p>\n  <p>Legislative references are to Swiss legal texts as published in the Systematische Rechtssammlung (SR) as of May 2025. Swiss law is subject to ongoing revision \u2014 verify current text at <strong>fedlex.admin.ch<\/strong> before relying on any provision.<\/p>\n  <p><strong>Key sources referenced in this guide:<\/strong><\/p>\n  <ul>\n    <li>Swiss Code of Obligations (OR\/CO; SR 220)<\/li>\n    <li>Federal Direct Tax Act (DBG\/LIFD; SR 642.11)<\/li>\n    <li>Anti-Money Laundering Act (GwG\/AMLA; SR 955.0)<\/li>\n    <li>Commercial Register Ordinance (HRegV; SR 221.411)<\/li>\n    <li>Federal Data Protection Act (nDSG; SR 235.1)<\/li>\n    <li>DLT Act (SR 958.1) \u2014 Financial Market Infrastructure Act amendment<\/li>\n    <li>Financial Services Act (FinSA; SR 950.1)<\/li>\n    <li>Financial Institutions Act (FinIA; SR 954.1)<\/li>\n    <li>Federal Act on CbCR (SR 654.1)<\/li>\n    <li>OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and Capital (2017 edition)<\/li>\n    <li>OECD BEPS Actions 1\u201315 (2015 Final Reports)<\/li>\n    <li>FINMA Guidance 2018\/02 (ICO Guidelines)<\/li>\n    <li>FATF Mutual Evaluation of Switzerland (2016; follow-up 2022)<\/li>\n    <li>Steuergesetz Kanton Zug (BGS 632.1)<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n  <p>Virtual Office Zug is not a law firm and is not authorised to practise law. For legal matters, we refer clients to qualified Swiss attorneys and fiduciaries in Canton Zug.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- CTA -->\n<div class=\"vlf-cta-block\">\n  <h3>Ready to Establish Your Swiss Company?<\/h3>\n  <p>VOZ handles the legal, administrative, and compliance aspects of your Swiss registration \u2014 from KYC to SHAB publication.<\/p>\n  <a href=\"\/get-started\/\" class=\"btn\">Start Your Swiss Company<\/a>\n  <a href=\"\/book-consultation\/\" class=\"btn-outline\">Book a Free Consultation<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/main>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Legal Reference \u00b7 Updated May 2025 Swiss Legal Frameworkfor Company Domiciliation A comprehensive reference guide to the statutory framework governing Swiss company registration, domiciliation contracts, director obligations, AML compliance, BEPS substance, and data protection \u2014 at the level of Swiss legal practice. OR\/CO, HRegV, GwGPrimary legislation Canton ZugJurisdiction covered 13 sectionsComprehensive coverage May 2025SR references&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/voz-swiss-legal-framework-tpl.php","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-67","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/virtual-office-zug.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/67","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/virtual-office-zug.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/virtual-office-zug.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/virtual-office-zug.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/virtual-office-zug.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/67\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":264,"href":"https:\/\/virtual-office-zug.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/67\/revisions\/264"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/virtual-office-zug.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}